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民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)

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Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969

民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

一、 基本資料 (Bibliographic Information)

  • 原文題名: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNIST CHINA: A PROGRAMMED TEXT

  • 中文譯名: 《共產中國簡介:編序教本》

  • 出版機關: 美國國防情報學校 (Defense Intelligence School, DIS)

  • 承製單位: INTEXT 公司人力資源發展部 (Human Resources Development Division, INTEXT)

  • 撰寫/顧問: 伊莉莎白·A·艾倫諾維茲 (Elizabeth A. Elenowitz) 撰寫;華倫·S·漢斯伯格博士 (Dr. Warren S. Hunsberger) 擔任技術顧問

  • 發行日期: 民國58年(1969)

  • 出版地點: 美國華盛頓特區 (Washington, D.C.)

  • 語言: 英文

  • 形式: 活頁裝訂、打字機字體印刷、編序教學手冊


二、 出版機關背景 (Publisher Background)

本書出版機關為美國國防情報學校(Defense Intelligence School, DIS)。

  • 機構沿革:該校成立於民國51年(1962),隸屬於美國國防情報局(Defense Intelligence Agency, DIA)。其核心任務為整合各軍種情報訓練,專責培訓美國軍方與聯邦政府的高階情報人員。

  • 現今地位:該校歷經多次改制與學術認證,即為現今美國國家情報大學(National Intelligence University, NIU)的前身,被視為美國情報界的最高學府。

  • 出版意義:作為軍事情報教育權威機構,該校所編纂的教材不單是教學用書,更代表了冷戰時期美國情報界對敵國(如蘇聯、中共)的官方主流觀點與標準化分析架構。


三、 文獻背景 (Context)

本件文獻係冷戰高峰時期,美國國防部轄下「國防情報學校」委託民間機構 INTEXT 公司編製的內部訓練教材。其目的在於提供美國軍事情報官員關於中國共產黨(Communist China)的基礎國情教育。

發行當時,中國大陸正值「文化大革命」動盪時期,且發生「珍寶島事件」(民國58年,1969),中蘇關係決裂。美方亟需一套系統化的教材,從地緣政治、歷史疆域觀到社會心理結構,深入剖析此一東方共產強權,以提升情報人員對敵情之研判能力。


四、 內容特色 (Content Features)

1. 採用「編序教學法」 (Programmed Instruction)

與傳統軍事教範不同,本書採用當時教育心理學新興的「編序教學」設計。全書由一系列編號的「框面」(frames)構成,右側設有「確認欄」(Confirmation Column)。學員需遮蓋答案,閱讀左側資訊並填空後,再移動遮罩核對。此設計強調「自我教學」(self-instructional),允許情報官員依個人進度獨立研習,無需教官授課。

2. 揭示中共「失土」史觀 (Irredentism Analysis)

書中收錄極具戰略價值的「圖 9:中國失落的帝國」(Figure 9: China's Lost Empire)。該圖翻印中共民國43年(1954)教科書《中國現代革命史簡編》之觀點,將清朝全盛版圖(含外蒙古、台灣、朝鮮半島、東南亞及中亞部分)標示為被列強奪取之領土。美軍藉此警示學員關注中共潛在的「領土收復主義」野心,及其對蘇聯、印度、東南亞等鄰國構成之地緣政治威脅。

3. 社會文化深層結構分析 (Sociological Structure)

除軍政經硬體情報外,本書特闢專章探討社會結構與意識形態。其中「圖 23」詳細圖解傳統儒家的五倫關係(君臣、父子、夫妻等)與行為規範(忠、孝、禮),並在內文中分析中共政權如何試圖利用或打破這些傳統社會控制機制,以建立黨的權威。此點顯示美軍情報作業對敵國社會心理與文化傳統之高度重視。


五、 章節結構 (Table of Contents)

全書共分五大戰略範疇,並附有對應的複習單元:

  1. 環境 (Environment):地理位置、地形氣候與人口分佈。

  2. 政治 (Politics):黨國體制、外交政策目標與邊界糾紛。

  3. 經濟 (Economics):農業基礎、工業發展困境與貿易。

  4. 社會學 (Sociology):社會階層、少數民族問題與宗教。

  5. 意識形態 (Ideology):馬列主義、毛澤東思想與傳統文化的衝突。


六、 歷史意義 (Historical Significance)

這份教材是冷戰時期「知己知彼」戰略的實體見證。它反映了民國50年代(1960s)末期,美國軍方與情報界是如何建構對「紅色中國」的知識體系。透過這份教本,不僅能窺見當時美軍對中共政權的認知架構(如強調其擴張性與內部社會控制),也展示了當時情報訓練方法的演進(引入編序教學技術)。對於研究冷戰史、中美關係史及情報教育史而言,具備重要的史料價值。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

PREFACE


This programmed textbook is designed to serve as an introduction to the study of Communist China. Similar to conventional area texts, it contains general background information. Because the information is written using programmed instructional techniques, this book not only presents the material but also teaches. Acquisition of this knowledge and understanding will in turn permit subsequent presentations to be more meaningful and to be offered at a more advanced level than usual. This initial use of programmed learning in area studies should result in bringing all students, regardless of their backgrounds, to a common point of departure before undertaking either strategic appraisals or studies in greater depth on this important region of the world.


The content of this publication is based upon the eight components of strategic intelligence which form the basis for the detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of any national state. The material herein, however, is unclassified and has been arranged into five main sections. Thus, elements of both armed forces intelligence and political intelligence are included in the first section on politics. Although ideological considerations are usually regarded as a sub-component of political intelligence, they are treated here


前言

本編序教材是作為研究共產中國的入門介紹而設計。與傳統的區域研究書籍類似,它包含了一般的背景資料。由於這些資料是運用編序教學技術所編寫,本書不僅呈現教材,同時也進行教學。獲取這些知識與理解,將使後續的課程講授更具意義,並能以比平常更進階的層次來實施。在區域研究中初次運用編序學習法,應能讓所有學員——無論其背景為何——在著手進行針對此一世界重要區域的戰略評估或深度研究之前,皆能達到一個共同的起點。


本刊物的內容基於戰略情報的八大要素,這些要素構成了詳細分析任何國家優劣勢的基礎。然而,此處的資料屬於非機密級,並已整理為五個主要部分。因此,軍事情報與政治情報的要素皆被包含在關於政治的第一部分之中。雖然意識形態的考量通常被視為政治情報的一個子項目,但將在此處作為一個獨立的章節加以探討,


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

as a separate section, as are sociological factors, because of their importance in understanding the intellectual-cultural heritage of any nation.

Basic economic data has been merged with general observations about Soviet scientific and technical intelligence to produce the section on economics,while portions of military geographic intelligence have been combined with related aspects of transportation and telecommunications intelligence to

form the last section on environment. Finally, prominent individuals have been mentioned in all sections as appropriate.


This book was prepared for the Defense Intelligence School by Human Resources Development Division of INTEXT. Dr. Warren S. Hunsberger, of American University, served as technical consultant. The programmed text was written by Mrs. Elizabeth A. Elenowitz of INTEXT. The overall project was conceived by and under the direction of Dr. Robert L. Plumb of the Defense Intelligence School, with content review provided by various members of the School staff.


社會學因素亦然,這是因為它們在理解任何國家的知識與文化遺產方面具有重要性。基礎經濟數據已與關於蘇聯科學及技術情報的一般性觀察合併,以產出關於經濟的章節;而部分的軍事地理情報則與交通運輸及電信情報的相關層面結合,形成了關於環境的最後一個章節。最後,重要人物已視情況在所有章節中提及。

本書係由 INTEXT 公司的人力資源發展部門為國防情報學校所編製。美國大學(American University)的華倫·S·漢斯伯格博士(Dr. Warren S. Hunsberger)擔任技術顧問。本編序教本由 INTEXT 公司的伊莉莎白·A·艾倫諾維茲女士(Mrs. Elizabeth A. Elenowitz)撰寫。整體計畫係由國防情報學校的羅伯特·L·普拉姆博士(Dr. Robert L. Plumb)構思並在其指導下進行,內容審查則由該校多位職員協助完成。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT


Text:


The main portion of this text consists of short numbered paragraphs of information called "frames". Charts and maps which support or clarify information presented in the frames are found opposite them on the left-hand page.


The far right-hand column of the textual page contains the correct answer to each question asked in the program. This is known as the Confirmation Column. You will use it to check or confirm the answer which you have written in the appropriate blank.


In addition to the numbered frames which form the body of the text, each chapter has a list of Objectives at its beginning and a Review at its end.


The list of objectives present the categories of information which the chapter has been designed to teach. If, after reading the objectives for a particular chapter, you feel you already know


給學員的說明

教本:

本教本的主要部分由標有編號的簡短資訊段落組成,稱為「框面」(frames)。支援或釐清框面資訊的圖表與地圖,位於其對面的左側頁面上。

頁面最右側的欄位包含本編序課程中每個提問的正確答案。此即所謂的「確認欄」(Confirmation Column)。請利用此欄位來檢查或確認在相應空格中填寫的答案。

除了構成教本主體的編號框面外,每一章的開頭都有一份「目標」(Objectives)清單,末尾則有「複習」(Review)。

目標清單列出了該章節設計用來教授的資訊類別。如果在閱讀特定章節的目標後,覺得自己已經知道……(下頁待續)


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

this information, you may, at your discretion, skip ahead to the next chapter. However, you will be held responsible for the material covered in every chapter, and a test for comprehension will be given at the completion of this unit of studies.


The review frames at the end of each chapter summarize key facts and concepts which have been dealt with in the chapter. Unlike the numbered frames which comprise the text, you will not receive hints to enable you to fill in the blanks. In this sense, they are an approximation of examination conditions, and allow you to test yourself on retention of material covered.


This text has been designed to enable you to study independently of an instructor, taking as much or as little time as you need. Take breaks as needed, but do not skim or skip within chapters. Once you decide to study a particular chapter, be sure to read it in the order in which it is presented. The material is cumulative, and skipping could result in misunderstanding.


Procedure:


While some frames are informational panels only, most require you to make a written response which is based on information contained in the text and/or in accompanying illustrations. Do this by filling in the blanks with the appropriate word.


(承接上頁文意……)這些資訊,可自行決定跳過,直接進入下一章。然而,仍須對每一章所涵蓋的教材內容負責,且在本學習單元結束時,將進行理解測驗。

每一章末尾的複習框面(review frames)總結了該章節中探討過的關鍵事實與概念。與構成教本主體的編號框面不同,這裡不會提供提示來幫助填空。就此意義而言,它們近似於考試情境,讓可以自我測試對所學內容的記憶保留程度。

本教本係設計讓可以獨立學習,無需教官指導,並可根據的需求花費所需的時間。請視需要休息,但切勿在章節內略讀或跳讀。一旦決定研讀某一特定章節,請務必按照其呈現的順序閱讀。教材內容是累積性的,跳讀可能會導致誤解。


程序:

雖然有些框面僅為資訊面板,但大多數都需要根據教本及/或附圖中所含的資訊做出書面回答。請填入適當的詞彙至空格中以完成作答。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

Occasionally, you will be aided in the formation of your answer through the presentation of prompting letters or parts of speech. Each blank requires filling in one word. If two or more words are required, there will always be an appropriate number of blanks.


Answers in the Confirmation Column are listed directly opposite the blank or blanks where answers are to be inserted. If there are two blanks on a particular line, there will be two correct responses on the same line in the Confirmation Column, separated by a comma. In instances where alternate answers are acceptable for a particular blank, both acceptable answers will be listed in the Confirmation Column, separated by a slash. In certain instances it is possible to fill in the blanks with other equally correct answers; however, programmed material requires that your answer correspond to those in the Confirmation Column.


After reading the Objectives, begin reading each page of frames with the Confirmation Column on the far right-hand side of the page covered by the mask provided. While reading each frame, keep that portion of the Confirmation Column which is opposite the blank of the frame you are working on, covered. After you fill in a particular blank, learn what should be inserted by sliding the mask down the Confirmation Column to expose the answer.


偶爾,教材會透過提供提示字母或詞性來協助你構成答案。每個空格需填入一個單字。若需要兩個或以上的單字,將會提供相應數量的空格。

確認欄中的答案直接列於需填寫答案之空格的對面。若某一行有兩個空格,確認欄的同一行也會有兩個正確答案,並以逗號分隔。若某一空格可接受替代答案,這兩個可接受的答案都會列在確認欄中,並以斜線分隔。在某些情況下,填入其他同樣正確的答案或許也是可能的;然而,編序教材要求你的答案必須與確認欄中的答案一致。

閱讀完「目標」後,開始閱讀每一頁的框面,請用隨附的遮罩蓋住頁面最右側的確認欄。在閱讀每個框面時,請保持遮蓋住與你正在作答的框面空格相對應的確認欄部分。在你填寫完特定空格後,向下滑動遮罩以露出確認欄中的答案,藉此得知應填入的內容。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

Inserting your choice of a word on the blank before you look at the Confirmation Column will help you learn the material, so fill in the blank first. However, be sure to check your responses after each insertion before proceeding.


Programmed texts are "self-instructional", but their success depends upon your following directions. Work carefully and at your own pace. Take breaks as needed. You will learn, regardless of the total time required by you to complete the program, because the technique is based on a psychology of learning that promotes maximum learning.


在查看確認欄之前,先將你選擇的單字填入空格,這將有助於你學習教材內容,因此請填空。然而,請務必在每次填入後先檢查你的回答,再繼續進行。

編序教本屬於「自我教學」性質,但其成效取決於你是否遵循指示。請仔細研讀並依照你自己的步調進行。視需要休息。無論你完成本課程共需花費多少時間,你都將學會內容,因為此技術係基於一種能促進最大化學習成效的學習心理學。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page


Environment .................................................... 1

Environment Review ............................................. 15

Politics ....................................................... 19

Politics Review ................................................ 43

Economics ...................................................... 50

Economics Review ............................................... 67

Sociology ...................................................... 71

Sociology Review ............................................... 85

Ideology ....................................................... 88

Ideology Review ................................................ 102


目錄


頁次


環境 ........................................................... 1

環境複習 ....................................................... 15

政治 ........................................................... 19

政治複習 ....................................................... 43

經濟 ........................................................... 50

經濟複習 ....................................................... 67

社會學 ......................................................... 71

社會學複習 ..................................................... 85

意識形態 ....................................................... 88

意識形態複習 ................................................... 102



Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

TABLE OF FIGURES


Figure Opposite Page

1 Population 3

2 Population Density 4

3 Topography of Communist China 6

4 Area Subject to Flooding 7

5 Administrative Divisions 12

6 Major Communist Chinese Documents Since 1949 22

7 Comparison of Formal State and Party Governmental Structures 25

8 Periods of Chinese Communist Party Development 30

9 China's Lost Empire 36

10 Sources of Hostility Between Communist China and the

Soviet Union 37

11 Sources of Hostility Between Communist China and the

United States 40

12 Agricultural Areas of Communist China 51

13 Periods of Economic Development of Communist China 53

14 Net Domestic Product of Communist China 54

15 Communist China's Labor Problems 55

16 Industrial Development of Communist China 56

17 Key Mineral Resources and Steel Production Facilities 58


圖表目錄


圖次 對頁

1 人口 3

2 人口密度 4

3 共產中國地形圖 6

4 易氾濫地區 7

5 行政區劃 12

6 1949年以來共產中國主要文件 22

7 正式國家結構與黨政結構之比較 25

8 中國共產黨發展時期 30

9 中國失落的帝國 36

10 共產中國與蘇聯敵意之根源 37

11 共產中國與美國敵意之根源 40

12 共產中國農業區 51

13 共產中國經濟發展時期 53

14 共產中國國內生產淨值 54

15 共產中國的勞工問題 55

16 共產中國工業發展 56

17 主要礦產資源與鋼鐵生產設施 58



Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

Figure Opposite Page

18 Communist China's Principal Transportation Routes 61

19 Communist China's Trade Policies 63

20 Ethnic Minorities Numbering Over One Million 82

21 China and Adjacent Ethnolinguistic Regions 83

22 Functions and Control of Religious Associations in

Red China 95

23 Confucian Relationships/Confucian Behavioral Norms 97


圖次 對頁

18 共產中國主要運輸路線 61

19 共產中國貿易政策 63

20 人口超過一百萬的少數民族 82

21 中國及其鄰近之民族語言區域 83

22 紅色中國宗教協會之功能與控制 95

23 儒家倫理關係/儒家行為規範 97



Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

圖表 9:中國失落的帝國 (CHINA'S LOST EMPIRE)

這張地圖展示了中國共產黨所認定的「歷史疆域」,以及在近代歷史中被列強「奪取」的土地。

1. 地圖來源與性質

  • 標題:圖表上方標示為「CHINA'S LOST EMPIRE」(中國失落的帝國)。

  • 資料出處:地圖左下角的方框註明:「基於一本中國共產黨的教科書《中國現代革命史簡編》,1954年於北京出版」(Based on a Chinese Communist textbook, "A Brief History of Modern China", published in Peking in 1954)。這顯示此圖反映的是中共官方在1950年代的歷史視角,而非國際公認的邊界。

2. 圖例與邊界說明

  • 虛線(-----):標示為「1840年鴉片戰爭時期的邊界」(Borders at the time of the Opium War, 1840)。這代表中共認定的清朝全盛時期版圖。

  • 點劃線(-.-.-):標示為「1919年舊民主主義革命結束時的邊界」(Borders at the conclusion of the era of the Old Democratic Revolution, 1919)。這大致對應當時中華民國的實際控制範圍。

  • 陰影區域:地圖上帶有陰影或網點的區域,代表在1840年至1919年間「丟失」的領土。

3. 主要「丟失」領土區域(按地圖標示)

地圖詳細列出了被認為是被帝國主義列強割佔的地區,範圍極廣:

  • 東北與北方(蘇聯/俄國方向):

    • 外興安嶺與庫頁島:標示為「根據1858年愛琿條約割讓給俄國」以及「根據1860年北京條約割讓給俄國」(Ceded to Russia under the Aigun Treaty of 1858... Peking Treaty of 1860)。

    • 外蒙古(Mongolia):整個區域被劃入1840年邊界內。

    • 西北地區:巴爾喀什湖(Lake Balkhash)以東及以南的大片區域標示為「根據1864年塔城條約割讓給俄國」(Ceded to Russia under the Tacheng Treaty of 1864)。

    • 帕米爾高原(The Pamirs):標示為「1896年被英國與俄國秘密瓜分」(The Pamirs were secretly divided between Great Britain and Russia in 1896)。

  • 東方(日本方向):

    • 朝鮮半島(Korea):標示為「原為藩屬,後被日本吞併」(Text mentions annexed by Japan in 1910)。

    • 台灣(Taiwan)與澎湖:標註「根據1895年馬關條約割讓給日本」(Ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895)。

    • 琉球群島(Ryukyu Islands):標示被日本佔領。

  • 南方與東南亞(英法方向):

    • 印度支那(Indochina):包含越南、寮國、柬埔寨,標註為「安南(印度支那)於1885年被法國奪取」(Annam (Indochina) seized by France in 1885)。

    • 緬甸(Burma):標示為「成為大英帝國的一部分」(Become a part of the British Empire...)。

    • 馬來亞(Malaysia)與新加坡:被劃入失地範圍。

    • 蘇祿群島(Sulu Archipelago):位於菲律賓西南部,標註為「被英國佔領」(Occupied by Great Britain)。

    • 泰國(Thailand):全境被劃入陰影區。

  • 西南方(南亞方向):

    • 喜馬拉雅山區:尼泊爾(Nepal)、不丹(Bhutan)與錫金(Sikkim)均被劃為中國流失的領土。

    • 安達曼群島(Andaman Is.):標示為「成為英國領土」(Became British territory)。

4. 結論 這張地圖反映了中共建政初期對於「國恥」的教育宣傳,將清朝極盛時期的版圖視為應有疆域。對美國國防情報學校而言,這張圖是用來教育情報官員,讓他們理解中共潛在的領土收復主義(Irredentism)野心及其對周邊國家的潛在地緣政治威脅。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

COMMUNIST CHINA: POLITICS

  1. In summary, Communist China's three foreign policy objectives are:

    1. to bring Taiwan under mainland control,

    2. to have friendly or neutral border countries and,

    3. to establish China as a world power.

  2. The countries with dots in Figure 9 opposite, are areas which historically were attached to China in one way or another. Around the borders of China today, one will notice that only Japan, the Philippines, part of Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan have been traditionally outside the sphere of Chinese influence.

  3. Along the eastern boundary of Communist China today, only Japan was never a part of China. Along the south western boundary, India, part of Pakistan and Afghanistan have been traditionally beyond the Chinese sphere of influence.


共產中國:政治

  1. 歸納而言,共產中國的三大外交政策目標為:

    1. 臺灣置於大陸控制之下,

    2. 擁有友好中立的邊境國家,以及

    3. 建立中國成為一個世界強權。

  2. 在對頁圖表 9 中帶有網點的國家,是那些歷史上曾以某種方式附屬於中國的區域。觀察今日中國的周邊邊界,你會注意到只有日本、菲律賓、巴基斯坦的一部分、印度以及阿富汗,傳統上是位於中國勢力範圍之外的。

  3. 沿著今日共產中國的東部邊界,只有日本從未成為中國的一部分。沿著西南邊界,印度巴基斯坦的一部分以及阿富汗,傳統上一直處於中國勢力(影響)範圍之外。


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
《共產中國簡介:編序教本》儒家的「五倫」關係及其對應的行為規範
《共產中國簡介:編序教本》儒家的「五倫」關係及其對應的行為規範
Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

COMMUNIST CHINA: IDEOLOGY

  1. Confucian tradition does not prescribe universally applicable standards of right and wrong as does the Judeo-Christian tradition with "do unto others...." Rather, the Confucian ethic delineates particular relationships between people with accompanying standards of right and wrong behavior. Figure 23, opposite, shows the five basic relationships. Ruler is superior to subject, father is superior to son, husband is superior to wife, elder brother is superior to younger brother and friend is equal to friend.

  2. Under the Confucian ethic, wrong behavior is that which is in violation of prescribed modes of relating to others, according to their respective relationships. (See Chart of Confucian Behavioral Norms, opposite.) Authority is linked to correct conduct. If one loses authority it can be inferred that his conduct has been incorrect or he would not have lost it. You can infer from Figure 23 that a son owes filial piety, deference, and loyalty to his father, who, in turn, owes his son support and protection.


共產中國:意識形態

19. 儒家傳統並不像猶太教與基督教傳統那樣,以「待人如己」(do unto others...)這類原則來訂立放諸四海皆準的是非標準。取而代之的是,儒家倫理著重於釐清人與人之間的特定關係,並規範了與之相應的行為準則。對頁的圖表 23 展示了這五種基本關係:君王地位高於臣民,父親地位高於兒子,丈夫地位高於妻子,兄長地位高於弟弟,而朋友與朋友則是平等的。


20. 在儒家倫理的架構下,所謂「錯誤的行為」,是指違反了在特定人際關係中應有的待人接物模式(請參閱對頁的《儒家行為規範》圖表)。「權威」與「正當的行為」是密不可分的;若某人失去了權威,便可推知其行為必有不當之處,否則權威不致旁落。可以從圖表 23 推斷出:兒子對父親應盡孝道、禮讓與忠誠;相對地,父親則應給予兒子扶持保護


Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
Defense Intelligence School, An Introduction to Communist China: A Programmed Text (Vol. 4, Part II, Issue 1), 1969 | 民國58年美國國防情報學校出版《共產中國簡介:編序教本》(第四卷第二部第一期)《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

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