作者：特洛伊-薩克奎提 博士
來源：民98年，Veritas （真理）第5卷，第3期。
研究美國陸軍特種作戰司令部（USASOC）工作團隊歷史的學者經常碰到耐人尋味的特種作戰部隊（SOF）照片、文件與紀念品，必須進行更多的研究調查與交叉比對後才能將文章發表。許多引人注目的照片詳細介紹了陸軍特種作戰部隊（ARSOF）少為人知的歷史則來自部份未公開的收藏。我們想要分享其中一些「未經粉飾的」歷史物件，目的是要找出更多的退役老兵與其家人好讓Veritas的工作人員來審視他們的照片與紀錄。此一「未經粉飾的」歷史展示，交代了二戰後的情報單位—戰略情報小組（Strategic Services Unit, SSU）。這些照片說明了在日本投降後一段鮮為人知的情報任務。謝謝你，若望-狄布拉西（John S. DiBlasi.）。
當杜魯門（Harry S. Truman）總統於民國34年（主曆1945年）10月1日下令解散戰略勤務局（Office of Strategic Services, OSS）時，其行動人員被轉移到戰爭部（War Department）新近成立的戰略勤務小組（Strategic Services Unit, SSU）。戰略勤務小組承繼了戰略勤務局於戰場上的未完任務，一支在前日本殖民地福爾摩沙—今日名為台灣—的情報小隊；作為日本投降之一部份，臺灣被移交給中華民國政府，而在臺灣的日本軍民則必須被運返日本。福爾摩沙代表團的任務為監督投降的日軍之遣返。
將解除武裝的士兵與平民的遣返回日本，以及將外國「戰俘」送回母國是一項艱鉅的任務，直到民國38年（主曆1949年）方才結束。單單在臺灣一地，共有479,050名士兵和平民被送回日本 (註1)，這些遷運及安置的行動由日本商船管理局（SCAJAP）施行，利用解除武裝的日本軍艦及退役的美國自由級運輸艦（Liberty）及戰車登陸艦（Landing Ship, Tank），由日本水手駕駛。自臺灣的遣返工作到民國35年（主曆1946年）4月12日才基本上結束 (註2)。
福爾摩沙代表團是戰略勤務小組的一支五人小隊，隊長為一名少校。指揮官負責與日本及中華民國當局協調，以追蹤每日遣返的士兵人數；其無線電臺，呼號為「公羊（RAM）」，則將此一訊息向戰略勤務小組總部報告。自美國陸軍航空隊派至戰略勤務局/戰略勤務小組的無線電報務員若望-狄布拉西下士，將訊息發送至華盛頓。無線電臺位於任務指揮所，該處是佔用仍在營運的藝伎院 (註3)；狄布拉西下士被指派到福爾摩沙代表團是為了增加其海外積分。
戰爭期間，狄布拉西下士曾擔任戰略勤務局與中國合作之SALEM代表團（PWF電臺）的無線電操作員；SALEM代表團是負責協助戰略勤務局與美國陸軍第十四航空大隊之聯合情報組織的第5329空陸武力資源技術參謀本部的單位之一，以「Agfighters」聲名在外。他們的任務是為第十四航空大隊提供空中與地面戰術情報，鑑於第十四航空大隊的作戰區域非常廣闊，戰略勤務局建立情報網路以提供目標資訊。空陸武力資源技術參謀本部運作十分成功，致使其原本的任務不斷增加；該組織從敵軍控制區後方提供氣象報告及轟炸損害評估，監控日軍船運資料，並為遭擊落的飛行員建置脫逃與躲藏網路。在民國34年（主曆1945年）2月，戰略勤務局接管了空陸武力資源技術參謀本部的控制權，該組織不斷茁壯，幾乎囊括戰略勤務局的大部份分支，包括宣傳、反情報和情報分析等(註4)。戰爭結束時，狄布拉西下士還未獲得足夠返鄉的「積分」，於是他自願加入福爾摩沙代表團，此舉則讓一位積分已滿的友人得以返回美國(註5)。隨著在臺灣的遣返任務結束，戰略勤務小組則轉變成另外一個部門。
到了民國35年（主曆1946年）中，戰略勤務小組已併入一個名為中央情報組（Central Intelligence Group, CIG）的新組織，該組織於民國36年（主曆1947年）國防法案通過後更名為中央情報局（CIA）。由於陸軍特種作戰部隊與組成早期特種部隊的戰略勤務局老兵淵源深厚，因此將戰略勤務小組視為其繼承單位極其合宜。戰略勤務小組在引發冷戰的戰後動盪期間，稱職地執行了重要的過渡時期任務。
SALEM代表團於PWF電臺的工作人員負責收集日本船隻與其航向、日軍部隊行動，並以無線電將情報送往中華民國昆明，以便第十四航空隊及太平洋艦隊採取行動。
當狄布拉西抵達臺灣時，到處可見日軍的足跡。這些在機場上鏽蝕的日軍戰鬥機，可能是三菱A6M「零式」艦上戰鬥機 (譯註:應為日本帝國陸軍一式戰鬥機，正式編號：Ki-43，日軍別稱隼，盟軍代號奧斯卡（Oscar）)。假設戰事持續下去，它們可能成為神風特攻隊。在沖繩島的戰役中，諸多神風特攻隊的飛機撞向了美軍艦隊，造成5,000美國海軍士兵喪命。
戰略勤務小組福爾摩沙代表團駐紮在一座被佔用的藝伎院裡，自清光緒21年（主曆1895年）被殖民以來，臺灣一直被日本文化所主導。
民國34年（主曆1945年）8月日本帝國投降之後，遣返士兵及平民返回母國的繁重工作持續進行著，包括讓日本士兵與平民返回日本，同時也讓在日本的戰俘回到原來的國家。這些數字很難完全搞清楚，有5,103,300人需要被運回日本，而有1,152,650名在日本的外國人必須回到他們的國家。戰後一份美國陸軍歷史文件將此統稱為「一次歷史上規模空前的水上遷徙」，其中唯一未竟之功則是當時估計超過1,300,000名被蘇聯扣留的日本人的遣返行動。這張出自《麥克阿瑟將軍報告：麥克阿瑟在日本：佔領：軍事階段：第一卷增補》的地圖，為參與遣返工作的人員規模提供了一個清楚的概念。
後註
註1. 《麥克阿瑟將軍報告：麥克阿瑟在日本：佔領：軍事階段：第一卷增補》，麥克阿瑟將軍參謀總部（華盛頓特區，軍事歷史中心，民國85年|主曆1996年），頁170。
註2. 《麥克阿瑟將軍報告：麥克阿瑟在日本：佔領：軍事階段：第一卷增補》，麥克阿瑟將軍參謀總部，頁154-155。
註3. 若望-狄布拉西，特洛伊-薩克奎提博士電訪，民國97年（主曆2008年）2月12日，數位錄音，美國陸軍特種作戰司令部歷史辦公室機密檔案，北卡羅萊納州布洛格堡。
註4. 柯米特-羅斯福，《戰略勤務局之戰爭報告：海外目標》（華盛頓特區，卡洛爾頓出版社，民國65年|主曆1976年），頁428-430。
註5. 《若望-狄布拉西的軍事歷史》，若望-狄布拉西，民國87年（主曆1998年）8月13日，美國陸軍特種作戰司令部歷史辦公室機密檔案副本，北卡羅萊納州布洛格堡。
GENERAL ARSOF HISTORY-History in the “Raw”
BY TROY J. SACQUETY, PHD
From Veritas, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2009
The historians on the USASOC History staff often encounter intriguing SOF photos, documents, and memorabilia that require more research and cross-referencing before an article can be proposed. Many fascinating photographs that detail lesser-known aspects of ARSOF history are part of the closed collections. We wanted to share some of these “raw” historical materials. This is designed to prompt more veterans and family members to let the Veritas staff scan their photographs and records. This presentation of “raw” history explains a post-WWII intelligence unit, the Strategic Services Unit (SSU). These photographs illustrate a little-known intelligence mission after Japan surrendered. Thank you, John S. DiBlasi.
Formosa Mission Patch
When President Harry S. Truman dissolved the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) on 1 October 1945, its operational personnel were transferred to the SSU, a newly created unit in the War Department. The SSU inherited the remaining OSS missions still in the field. One intelligence team was on the former Japanese colony of Formosa, now known as Taiwan. As part of the Japanese surrender, Formosa was transferred to Nationalist China. Japanese civilians and soldiers on Formosa had to be shipped back to Japan. The task of the Formosa Mission was to monitor the repatriation of the surrendered Japanese military.
This cloth insignia, known as a “chit,” assisted Allied airmen downed in enemy occupied China. The writing on the back offered a reward for delivering the serviceman safely to Allied forces. OSS personnel often carried such chits when serving in enemy-occupied territory.
The repatriation of disarmed soldiers and civilians to Japan and the return of foreign “slave” laborers to their home countries was an enormous task not completed until 1949. On Formosa alone, 479,050 soldiers and civilians had to be transported back to Japan.1 The relocations were effected by the Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine (SCAJAP), which used demilitarized Japanese warships and decommissioned U.S. Liberty cargo ships and LSTs (Landing Ship, Tank) manned by Japanese seamen. By 12 April 1946, the repatriations from Formosa were essentially finished.2
The Formosa Mission was a five-man SSU team led by a major. The commander coordinated with the Japanese and Chinese authorities to track the number of soldiers repatriated daily. Its radio station, call sign “RAM,” reported this information to SSU headquarters. Radioman Corporal John S. DiBlasi, detailed to the OSS/SSU from the U.S. Army Air Forces, sent those messages to Washington. The radio station was in the mission headquarters, an appropriated, functioning Geisha house.3 Cpl. DiBlasi was assigned to the Formosa Mission to accrue overseas points.
The 5329th Air Ground Forces Resourced Technical Staff (AGFRTS) was a joint OSS/14th U.S. Army Air Force intelligence organization. The 14th tied its lineage directly to Major General Clair L Chennault’s original “Flying Tigers,” the American Volunteer Group, which gained fame early in the war.
During the war, he had served as a radio operator with OSS/China on the SALEM Mission (Station PWF). SALEM was one of the teams supporting the joint OSS/14th Army Air Forces organization, the 5329th Air Ground Forces Resources Technical Staff (AGFRTS), popularly known as “Agfighters.” Their mission was to supply tactical air and ground intelligence to the 14th Air Force. Because the area of operations for the 14th Air Force was enormous, the OSS established networks of agents to supply target data. AGFRTS was so successful that its initial mission kept being expanded. From deep in enemy controlled territory, the organization provided weather reports and bomb damage assessments, monitored Japanese shipping, and operated an escape and evasion network for downed airmen. In February 1945 the OSS assumed control of AGFRTS. The organization grew to include most OSS branches, including propaganda, counter-intelligence, and intelligence analysis.4 When the war ended, Cpl. DiBlasi had not earned enough “points” to come home yet. He volunteered for the Formosa Mission. This enabled a friend who did have enough points to return to the States.5 As the repatriation effort in Formosa was ending, the SSU morphed into another element.
Ex-Kempeitai (Japanese military police) served as guards for the Formosa Mission to forestall thievery.
LT William Lawson (l) and DiBlasi (r) stand by the SSU Formosa Mission jeep.
By mid-1946, SSU had been folded into a new organization, the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), which became the CIA with the passage of the National Defense Act of 1947. Since Army SOF roots are intertwined with the OSS veterans that made up early Special Forces, it is appropriate to consider the SSU a legacy unit. The SSU performed an important interim mission in the turbulent post-war period that triggered the Cold War.
Staff personnel at station PWF at SALEM collected and reported intelligence on Japanese shipping, targets, and troop movements by radio to Kunming, China, for action by the 14th Air Force and U.S. Pacific Fleet.
When they had time off, the personnel of the Formosa Mission explored the island’s rugged hills. Visiting the foul-smelling hot sulfur springs was common.
The role of the Formosa Mission was to monitor the repatriation of Japanese soldiers. More than 479,000 soldiers and civilians were returned to Japan by mid-1946.
Since the headquarters of the Formosa Mission was an appropriated Japanese Geisha house, they received a lot of high-level Allied “visitors.”
Station RAM’s radio setup.
When DiBlasi arrived on Formosa, evidence of the Japanese military was everywhere. These Japanese fighter planes, likely Mitsubishi A6M “Zeros,” were corroding on an airfield. Had the war continued, they likely would have become Kamikazes. Many Kamikaze airplanes crashed into the U.S. fleet during the battle for Okinawa. They caused 5,000 U.S. Navy deaths.
DiBlasi at his radio while with the OSS in China.
An OSS radio operator transribes an incoming Morse Code message on a typewriter. He then decoded the text to read the message.
The Formosa Mission hosted many visitors eager to relax and watch the Geisha dancers.
This Torii gate on Formosa inspired the group’s unofficial, locally-made patch.
The SSU Formosa Mission was based in an appropriated Geisha house. Japanese culture predominated in Formosa which had been a colony since 1895.
After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the colossal effort to repatriate soldiers and civilians back to their homelands remained. This included getting Japanese troops and civilians back to Japan, as well as getting “guest” laborers in Japan back to their countries of origin. The numbers were hard to fathom; 5,103,300 needed to get to Japan and 1,152,650 foreign nationals in Japan had to get back to their home countries. A post-war U.S. Army history summed it up as a “a waterborne migration in scope without parallel in history,” in which the only uncompleted aspect was the repatriation of more than 1,300,000 Japanese estimated to be held by the Soviets at the time. This map, from the Reports of General MacArthur: MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase: Volume I Supplement, gives an idea of the sheer magnitude of people involved in the repatriation effort.
ENDNOTES
1. GEN Douglas A. MacArthur’s General Staff, Reports of General MacArthur: MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase; Volume I Supplement (Washington D.C: Center of Military History, 1996), 170.
2. GEN MacArthur’s Staff, Reports of General MacArthur: MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase; Volume I Supplement, 154-155.
3. John S. DiBlasi, telephone interviewed by Dr. Troy J. Sacquety, 12 February 2008, digital recording, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC.
4. Kermit Roosevelt, The War Report of the OSS: The Overseas Targets (Washington D.C: Carrollton Press, 1976), 428-430.
5. John S. DiBlasi, “Military History of John S. DiBlasi,” 13 August 1998, copy in the USASOC History Office Classified Files, Fort Bragg, NC.
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